Around six centuries ago, nestled between the towering peaks of the Andes, a humble plateau witnessed the inception of a monumental achievement: the construction of the Inca Empire's grandest city. This ethereal citadel, known as Machu Picchu, rests amidst the clouds, a testament to the Inca civilization's architectural prowess.

Over the centuries, Machu Picchu endured the passage of time, its majestic buildings standing in defiance of the elements. Despite its abandonment a mere century after its creation, this hidden city eluded the grasp of Spanish invaders, who never stumbled upon its secrets. The year 1911 marked a turning point, when explorer Hiram Bingham stumbled upon its ruins during an expedition, finally revealing Machu Picchu's enigmatic existence. Today, recognized as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, Machu Picchu remains a testament to history's allure and intrigue.

In the pages that follow, we embark on a journey to explore the splendors of Machu Picchu. From its astonishingly preserved structures to the enchanting setting nestled within a protective embrace of mountains, we unveil the essence of this mystical site. So join us as we unravel the layers of history and beauty that define Machu Picchu, offering a first-timer's guide to an experience that is nothing short of awe-inspiring.

In the heart of the Andean mountains, Machu Picchu stands as an archaeological marvel, a testament to the Inca Empire's mastery of architecture and engineering. As you explore this ancient citadel, you'll uncover a world where historical significance merges with breathtaking natural beauty.

A Remarkably Preserved Legacy

What makes Machu Picchu particularly captivating is the remarkable preservation of its structures. Temples, palaces, and houses have endured the test of time, standing as eloquent witnesses to the Inca civilization's artistry and craftsmanship. These buildings, nestled within the verdant landscape, offer a window into a world long gone, where architectural precision and artistic expression converged.

Nature's Enveloping Embrace

Machu Picchu's setting amplifies its allure. High above the valley floor, this citadel is enveloped by a protective embrace of mountains, creating an otherworldly atmosphere of seclusion and mystique. The symphony of the Urubamba River's murmur, flowing 500 meters below, creates a soothing backdrop that connects you with the natural rhythm of the land. Amidst this panorama, you'll find yourself immersed in a world of both historical significance and tranquil beauty.

Two Sides of the Same Marvel

Machu Picchu's appeal is twofold. On one hand, its impeccably preserved structures invite exploration, providing a glimpse into the lives of the Incas and their architectural prowess. On the other hand, the majestic natural surroundings offer a sense of wonder and introspection. This convergence of human achievement and nature's grandeur creates a truly unparalleled experience—a journey to the heart of history and a communion with the spirit of the Andes.

Within the intricate tapestry of Machu Picchu's architecture and landscape lie several remarkable features that stand as testaments to the Inca civilization's ingenuity and cultural depth.

The Intihuatana Stone

One of the most intriguing facets of Machu Picchu is the enigmatic Intihuatana stone. Carved with precision on a square stone base, this pillar serves as a poignant testament to the Inca's profound understanding of astronomy.

Translating to the "hitching post of the sun," the Intihuatana stone's corners align perfectly with the four cardinal points, a demonstration of the Inca's astute astronomical observations. Even more fascinating is its ability to accurately indicate the position of the sun, allowing for precise tracking of celestial movements.

During the equinoxes, a moment of celestial harmony, the stone's shadow disappears briefly—a deliberate architectural marvel that aligns with the Inca's reverence for cosmic cycles.

The Royal Tomb

Nestled within the rocky terrain of Machu Picchu lies the Royal Tomb, a cave-like structure that bears witness to the ceremonies and rituals of the Inca civilization.

This hallowed space is believed to have been a site of sacrificial or burial rituals, as evidenced by the more than 100 skeletons excavated here. Adjacent to the tomb, a series of ceremonial baths grace the landscape, a manifestation of the Inca's advanced hydraulic engineering prowess.

These baths, intricately fed by an aqueduct system, stand as a testament to the sophisticated engineering skills that characterized Inca architecture. The Royal Tomb, with its echoes of ancient rituals and mastery of construction, provides a window into the spiritual and practical dimensions of Inca life.

Climbing Huayna Picchu

For those seeking a panoramic perspective of Machu Picchu's grandeur, the ascent of Huayna Picchu presents an awe-inspiring opportunity. Known as the "witch's hat" mountain, Huayna Picchu looms behind the citadel, offering a commanding view of the surrounding landscape.

While embarking on this ascent requires advance booking as part of your admission ticket, the reward is a profound vista that provides an unrivaled understanding of the site's layout and architecture. The climb takes approximately an hour, and as you ascend, the mesmerizing tapestry of Machu Picchu gradually unveils itself.

It's important to note that the final stretch of the path narrows and lacks protective barriers, making it suitable for those comfortable with heights. The summit of Huayna Picchu offers an unparalleled perspective, allowing you to take in the full scope of this architectural marvel from a breathtaking vantage point.

To fully immerse yourself in the magic of Machu Picchu, consider an overnight stay in its vicinity. Both Machu Picchu and the charming town of Aguas Calientes offer unique advantages for those eager to experience the site's splendor at different times of the day.

Machu Picchu Sanctuary Lodge: A Gateway to Wonder

For an unparalleled experience, the Machu Picchu Sanctuary Lodge stands as the sole hotel in close proximity to the citadel's entrance. A leisurely stroll away, this lodge ensures you're optimally positioned to relish the site's early morning tranquility and the ethereal beauty of dusk. The convenience of being just steps away from the entrance comes with a premium price, but the unmatched proximity to the ancient wonder and the surrounding natural panorama are priceless.

Aguas Calientes: A Hub of Comfort

Aguas Calientes, nestled in the valley below Machu Picchu, offers an array of accommodation options that cater to different preferences and budgets. As dawn breaks, the town buzzes with activity as the buses transporting visitors to Machu Picchu begin their ascent. Staying in Aguas Calientes allows you to seize the opportunity to arrive at the site just after the gates open—a valuable head start over visitors who arrive by train. Additionally, the town's central location provides easy access for multiple visits to Machu Picchu, allowing you to explore its nuances amidst varying weather conditions.

A Strategic Retreat for Adventure

An overnight stay in the vicinity of Machu Picchu is not just about convenience—it's about strategy. As the Andean peaks are occasionally veiled in mist, a second visit might offer entirely different atmospheric conditions for exploring the architectural marvel. Mist can shroud the citadel, casting an enchanting aura, while clear skies illuminate the intricate details. With the opportunity for multiple visits, you can savor both perspectives and deepen your connection with this ancient sanctuary.

Climbing to New Heights

For those captivated by the allure of panoramic views, the ascent of Huayna Picchu presents an awe-inspiring opportunity. This distinctive mountain, resembling a witch's hat, rises majestically behind Machu Picchu. While the climb requires booking in advance as part of your admission ticket, the reward is a panoramic vista that unveils the layout and grandeur of the site from an elevated perspective. The ascent takes approximately an hour, and as you ascend, the layers of Machu Picchu gradually reveal themselves, offering a profound sense of its architectural marvels.

Cultivating an Intimate Connection

Staying near Machu Picchu is more than a logistical choice—it's an invitation to cultivate a profound connection with this revered site. By positioning yourself to witness the sun's first rays caress the ancient stones or to experience the site's transition from day to night, you become part of a continuum of explorers who have ventured to this extraordinary place, spanning centuries and cultures. Whether you choose the sanctuary of Machu Picchu itself or the comfort of Aguas Calientes, an overnight stay enhances your pilgrimage to this citadel in the clouds, creating memories that will forever be etched into your heart.

Embarking on the journey to Machu Picchu involves navigating a multi-step route that ultimately leads to the doorstep of this ancient wonder. Whether you're arriving from afar or starting your expedition within Peru, the path to Machu Picchu offers a blend of natural beauty, historical significance, and logistical considerations.

From Afar to Cuzco: The Starting Point

The journey to Machu Picchu often begins with your arrival in Lima, the bustling capital of Peru. From here, a short internal flight of around 1 hour and 15 minutes transports you to Cuzco, a city nestled at the base of the Andes. As the former capital of the Inca Empire, Cuzco serves as a gateway to the treasures of the Andes, including Machu Picchu and the Sacred Valley.

Cuzco: The Leaping-Off Point

Cuzco's historical importance and strategic location make it an ideal starting point for your pilgrimage to Machu Picchu. A blend of ancient Inca architecture and Spanish colonial influences, Cuzco exudes an undeniable charm. Beyond its architectural treasures, the city's altitude at approximately 3,400 meters (11,150 feet) serves as a precursor to the heights you'll experience at Machu Picchu.

The Train to Aguas Calientes: A Scenic Passage

From Cuzco, your journey continues as you embark on a train ride to Aguas Calientes, a small town nestled in the valley below Machu Picchu. This scenic passage offers a captivating panorama of the natural beauty that characterizes the Andean landscape. Lush valleys, rugged peaks, and the winding course of the Urubamba River accompany you on your voyage.

Choosing Your Rail Experience: Varied Options

The rail journey to Aguas Calientes offers a range of options to suit your preferences and desired level of comfort. Standard carriages provide comfortable seating, while Vistadome services boast panoramic windows that offer unobstructed views of the passing landscape. For a truly luxurious experience, the Hiram Bingham train provides fine dining and entertainment, transforming your journey into a captivating part of your adventure.

Pause in Ollantaytambo: A Midway Sojourn

For those seeking a midpoint pause in their rail journey, the town of Ollantaytambo in the Sacred Valley offers an ideal retreat. This historic town, once a pivotal administrative center for the Incas, features remnants of a robust fortress with terraced fields, a testament to Inca engineering. Breaking your journey here provides an opportunity to explore this storied site before continuing your voyage to Machu Picchu.

Ascending to the Citadel: From Aguas Calientes to Machu Picchu

As your train journey concludes in Aguas Calientes, a new phase of your adventure begins. Buses depart from the town, winding their way along a serpentine road carved into the mountainside. This journey takes you to the very gates of Machu Picchu, where the ancient citadel awaits. Arriving as early as 5am ensures that you can experience the site's tranquility before the midday rush of visitors.

The Best Time to Traverse the Path

Timing your visit to Machu Picchu is crucial to maximizing your experience. The site is typically busiest between 11am and 3pm, coinciding with the arrival of train and bus visitors. To savor the site's serene moments and capture the best lighting conditions for photography, consider exploring during the early morning or late afternoon. These quieter hours provide an opportunity to immerse yourself in the spiritual ambiance of the ancient ruins.

A Multifaceted Journey

The journey to Machu Picchu is more than a physical passage—it's a tapestry woven with history, nature, and culture. As you traverse the route from Lima to Cuzco, from the train to Aguas Calientes, and from the town to the citadel, you're not merely covering distance. Instead, you're following in the footsteps of explorers and adventurers who have been drawn to this sacred sanctuary for centuries. Each step carries you closer to the heart of Machu Picchu, an experience that is as much about the voyage as it is about the destination.

The splendor of Machu Picchu can be experienced in many shades, each imparting a unique perspective on this ancient citadel. In this section, we unravel the art of timing your visit to maximize your encounter with history and nature, while avoiding the crowds that gather during peak hours.

Embrace the Dawn and Dusk: A Tranquil Odyssey

As the sun emerges over the horizon, casting its gentle glow upon the citadel, the morning unveils Machu Picchu in all its mystical grandeur. The early hours bestow a sense of serenity upon the site, allowing you to wander through its intricate architecture and reflect upon its enigmatic history undisturbed. The hushed ambiance enhances the connection to the past, enveloping you in a timelessness that mirrors the ancient Inca civilization.

Dusk, with its softening light, presents another opportunity for an intimate rendezvous with Machu Picchu. As the day wanes and the crowds begin to thin, the citadel exudes a quiet allure that's perfect for those seeking contemplation and connection. These twilight moments, when the sun casts a warm embrace over the stone structures, beckon you to savor every nuance of this UNESCO World Heritage site.

Evasion of the Midday Bustle: Navigating the Crowds

Between 11am and 3pm, a crescendo of activity envelops Machu Picchu, as throngs of visitors converge to explore its marvels. The peak hours witness a surge of tours and trekkers, creating a vibrant yet bustling atmosphere. This period, while alive with energy, may detract from the immersive experience you seek. To truly absorb the essence of Machu Picchu without the distraction of the crowds, we recommend planning your visit outside these hours.

By embracing the quietude of early morning or the introspective aura of dusk, you're gifted the luxury of unhurried exploration. The history etched into every stone, the panoramic vistas that unfold at every turn, and the intricate details of architecture all come to life in the absence of the midday rush. In your quest to engage with Machu Picchu on a deeper level, the choice of timing becomes a pivotal factor in crafting a truly transformative encounter with this revered citadel.

Embarking on the Rail Odyssey: Journey to Machu Picchu

One of the most enchanting routes to Machu Picchu is by rail, an expedition that weaves through breathtaking landscapes, offering a captivating introduction to the wonders that await. In this section, we delve into the experience of traveling by train from Cuzco to Aguas Calientes, the gateway to the revered citadel.

Traversing the Scenic Passage: A Visual Symphony

As the train departs from Cuzco, a tapestry of natural beauty unfolds outside your window. The journey is a visual symphony that traverses diverse landscapes, from verdant valleys to rugged peaks, as it follows the course of the meandering Urubamba River. The rhythmic chug of the train mirrors the heartbeat of the region, and every twist and turn of the tracks offers a new perspective on the Andean splendor.

Variety of Rail Services: From Classic to Luxury

The rail journey to Machu Picchu accommodates a spectrum of preferences, ensuring a tailored experience for every traveler. Choose from an array of rail services that range from classic to luxury, each offering its own blend of comfort and scenic immersion. Regular carriages provide a cozy setting, complete with comfortable seating, to enjoy the passing landscapes. For those seeking an enhanced panorama, the Vistadome services feature panoramic windows that frame the beauty outside, creating an ever-changing mural of nature.

For the connoisseurs of luxury, the Hiram Bingham train is an opulent sojourn in itself. With elements of fine dining and entertainment, it transforms the journey into an exquisite indulgence. Every option is a portal to connect with the natural splendors of Peru, a prelude to the grandeur of Machu Picchu that awaits at the end of the tracks.

Pause at Ollantaytambo: A Glimpse of the Past

En route to Machu Picchu, consider a pause at Ollantaytambo, a place where history and modernity intertwine. This town, nestled in the Sacred Valley, boasts remnants of a formidable Inca fortress that overlooks the cobblestone streets below. The terraces, a testament to Inca engineering, stand as silent witnesses to a bygone era. As you explore the town, you'll encounter the echoes of Inca grandeur juxtaposed against contemporary life.

Taking a moment to delve into Ollantaytambo's history allows you to absorb the heritage that enriches the journey to Machu Picchu. Whether you opt for a brief stop or an overnight stay, this side excursion adds a layer of cultural depth to your voyage, an enriching prelude to the archaeological marvel that awaits in the heart of the Andes.

For the intrepid souls seeking a profound connection with the ancient land of the Incas, Machu Picchu offers a captivating journey by foot—a trekking adventure that immerses you in a symphony of landscapes, from snow-capped peaks to emerald forests. In this section, we unveil the allure of exploring this iconic site through the lens of trekking.

Immerse Yourself in the Landscape: The Trekking Odyssey

Trekking holidays to Machu Picchu beckon those yearning for a deeper engagement with nature and history. This immersive experience is a passage through a myriad of terrains, each unveiling a new facet of Peru's natural splendor. From the regal embrace of snow-capped mountains to the tranquil embrace of sapphire lakes, every step offers a connection to the heart of the Andean world.

Routes for Every Explorer: Tailoring the Trek

Machu Picchu's allure extends beyond its architectural marvels; it's an opportunity to explore the diverse trails that lead to its gates. Depending on your fitness level, preferences, and the number of days you wish to devote to the journey, a range of trekking routes awaits your exploration.

The renowned Inca Trail offers a traditional pilgrimage, tracing the footsteps of ancient Inca travelers. For those seeking an alternative, the Salkantay route, often referred to as the 'alternative Inca Trail,' provides a scenic canvas of dramatic landscapes. Meanwhile, the Mountain Lodges of Peru route harmonizes trekking with luxury, offering comfort at the end of each day's adventure.

Navigating Regulations and Permits: The Inca Trail Experience

While embarking on the Inca Trail promises an unforgettable journey, it's essential to navigate the regulations that safeguard both the trail and its travelers. Only a limited number of trekkers are permitted to embark on the Inca Trail each day, including porters. This preservation measure ensures that the trail retains its pristine beauty and cultural significance.

Due to the popularity of the Inca Trail, permits are in high demand and often sell out months in advance. To secure your opportunity to follow in the footsteps of history, meticulous planning is imperative. As you weave through the timeless landscapes, the Inca Trail narrates the story of a civilization that etched its legacy into the very fabric of the Andes, leaving an indelible mark for you to discover.

Stepping into the realm of Machu Picchu is not merely a journey through history—it's an ascent into the heights of the Andes, where the air holds a unique energy. In this section, we delve into the altitude considerations that come with this remarkable adventure.

Elevation Unveiled: Machu Picchu and Cuzco

Both Machu Picchu and its gateway city, Cuzco, exist at elevations that demand a certain respect for the thin mountain air. Machu Picchu rests at an altitude of approximately 2,450 meters (8,040 feet) above sea level, while Cuzco sits at a higher elevation of around 3,400 meters (11,150 feet). The majesty of these locations is enhanced by the very altitude that gifts them their crispness and clarity.

Adjusting to the Heights: Altitude Sickness and Acclimatization

As you ascend to these elevations, it's common to experience mild symptoms of altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS). This can manifest as a sense of sleepiness or a slight fogginess in the head. Rest assured, these symptoms are temporary and usually subside within a day or two as your body adapts to the altitude.

To aid in this adaptation process, allow yourself time for gradual acclimatization upon your arrival. Engaging in light activities and staying hydrated can be immensely beneficial. Cuzco, with its captivating blend of history and modernity, offers a perfect environment to acclimatize before embarking on your Machu Picchu journey.

Our Peru specialists are well-versed in altitude considerations and can offer personalized recommendations to make your transition to higher altitudes as smooth as the mountains that surround you. So, breathe in the rarefied air and embrace the exhilaration of being in a place where the sky and the land merge in seamless harmony.

Embarking on a trek to the awe-inspiring Machu Picchu is a journey of a lifetime, one that promises memories etched against the backdrop of ancient ruins and breathtaking landscapes. To safeguard this journey and the unforeseen challenges that can arise, understanding the significance of travel insurance becomes paramount.

Altitude, Adventure, and Insurance Coverage

As you venture into the heights of the Andes and immerse yourself in the adventure of trekking, it's crucial to ensure that your travel insurance adequately covers the unique aspects of altitude-related activities. Standard travel insurance may not fully encompass the risks associated with high altitudes, making it essential to scrutinize your policy to confirm its inclusion.

Specialist Trekking Insurance: A Prudent Choice

Considering the distinct nature of trekking at altitude, investing in specialist trekking insurance is a wise decision. This specialized coverage is tailored to the demands of adventurous activities like trekking, offering you the assurance that you're protected against altitude-related eventualities. From altitude sickness to emergency evacuations, specialist trekking insurance provides a comprehensive safety net for the unexpected.

Our seasoned experts can guide you in selecting the right insurance that aligns with your trekking plans, ensuring you're equipped with coverage that matches the grandeur of your Machu Picchu experience. With the right insurance by your side, you can savor every step of your journey, knowing that you're safeguarded against the twists and turns that an adventure of this magnitude may bring.

As you navigate the captivating realms of Machu Picchu, your journey isn't solely about exploring ancient ruins and breathtaking vistas—it's also an opportunity to savor the diverse flavors of Peruvian cuisine. Aguas Calientes, the gateway town to Machu Picchu, offers a delightful range of dining options that cater to various palates and preferences.

Aguas Calientes: A Gastronomic Haven

Aguas Calientes boasts an array of restaurants that invite you to indulge in both traditional and contemporary Peruvian dishes. Whether you're seeking a leisurely meal or a quick bite, the town's culinary scene has something to satiate every craving. Amid its charming streets, you'll find eateries that capture the essence of Peru's rich culinary heritage.

Indio Feliz: A Culinary Gem

Among the noteworthy culinary establishments in Aguas Calientes, Indio Feliz stands as a true gem. This award-winning restaurant artfully blends Peruvian flavors with a French twist, creating a fusion that tantalizes the taste buds. Tucked away in a quaint side street, Indio Feliz offers a culinary journey that transcends borders, inviting you to savor the harmonious marriage of diverse culinary traditions.

Street Food Delights: Slow-Cooked Chicharrones

For those seeking an authentic taste of Peruvian street food, Sundays in Aguas Calientes unveil a culinary delight that is not to be missed. Slow-cooked chicharrones, and succulent hog roast, grace the streets until every morsel is savored. This mouthwatering treat offers a symphony of flavors and textures, a testament to Peru's vibrant street food culture. Indulging in this local delicacy adds a dash of authenticity to your Machu Picchu experience, immersing you in the culinary tapestry of the region.

As you explore the wonders of Machu Picchu, don't miss the chance to savor the exquisite flavors that mirror the country's rich history and culture. Whether it's a sophisticated dining experience or a casual encounter with street food, your culinary journey complements the awe-inspiring landscapes and historical marvels that surround you.

When it comes to experiencing the awe-inspiring grandeur of Machu Picchu, timing can significantly influence the quality of your visit. The legendary citadel unveils its mysteries and beauty throughout the year, each season offering a unique charm. To ensure an unforgettable journey, it's wise to consider the best time to embark on this adventure.

Peak Season: July and August

The months of July and August mark the peak of Machu Picchu's tourist season. During this time, the citadel sees its highest influx of visitors, attracted by the allure of exploring its historic marvels amidst clear skies and temperate weather. While the vibrant atmosphere and buzzing energy can be invigorating, it's essential to keep in mind that popular attractions might be more crowded during these months.

Dry Months: April to October

For those seeking a balance between pleasant weather and fewer crowds, the period from April to October is the optimal time to immerse yourself in the wonders of Machu Picchu. These months constitute the dry season, characterized by clear skies and milder temperatures. The comfortable weather allows for leisurely exploration and provides the best conditions for capturing stunning photographs of the ancient ruins against a backdrop of clear blue skies.

February: The Inca Trail's Restorative Period

It's important to note that the Inca Trail, a cherished trekking route leading to Machu Picchu, undergoes a period of restoration in February. During this time, the trail is closed to trekkers to facilitate maintenance and preservation efforts. If you're considering the iconic Inca Trail experience, planning your journey outside of February is advisable. This ensures that you have the opportunity to tread the footsteps of ancient civilizations while contributing to the conservation of this remarkable trail.

As you contemplate your Machu Picchu adventure, carefully selecting the timing of your visit can enhance your experience, allowing you to revel in the allure of this ancient citadel while making the most of favorable weather conditions and fewer crowds.

Embarking on a journey to Machu Picchu opens the door to a world of exploration and discovery. To make the most of your experience and immerse yourself fully in the cultural and natural wonders of Peru, consider curated itineraries that seamlessly weave together the magic of Machu Picchu with other captivating highlights. Here, we offer insights into crafting an itinerary that promises to leave an indelible mark on your travel memoirs.

Curated Itineraries: Exploring Beyond Machu Picchu

Curated itineraries that encompass Machu Picchu and its surroundings provide a comprehensive glimpse into the rich tapestry of Peru's heritage and landscapes. These thoughtfully designed journeys allow you to delve into the heart of the Inca civilization while also indulging in other captivating destinations. From the historic charm of Cuzco to the cultural treasures of the Sacred Valley, each step of your journey unfolds new stories and experiences.

A Minimum of 9 Days: Unveiling the Wonders

To fully absorb the splendors of Machu Picchu and its environs, we recommend dedicating a minimum of 9 days to your exploration. This timeframe allows you to delve beyond the surface, immersing yourself in the intricate history, captivating landscapes, and vibrant cultures that define the region. It ensures that you have ample time to explore not only the ancient citadel itself but also the surrounding marvels that have shaped Peru's identity.

Extend your journey beyond Machu Picchu's mystique by venturing into some of Peru's other remarkable destinations. The Peruvian Amazon beckons with its lush rainforests and extraordinary biodiversity, offering a chance to delve into the secrets of the jungle. Alternatively, the mystical Lake Titicaca, the world's highest navigable lake, invites you to connect with the living traditions of its indigenous communities.

For those seeking captivating landscapes and a glimpse into authentic village life, the Colca Valley presents an enchanting option. Here, you can witness the mesmerizing flight of the Andean condors and immerse yourself in the cultural heritage of the region. These extensions complement your Machu Picchu journey, enriching your adventure with a diverse range of experiences.

As you set out to explore the wonders of Machu Picchu, consider how a thoughtfully curated itinerary can unveil the many layers of Peru's allure. From the ancient secrets of the Andes to the vibrant traditions that continue to thrive, each moment offers a chance to forge lasting memories and form a deeper connection with this extraordinary land.